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Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of low pressure carbon dioxide as a hurdle in raw milk storage. Study Design: Milk samples were stored at under low pressure carbon dioxide at 29°C for 6 hours and the microbial quality of milk was compared with control milk. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dairy Microbiology, Verghese Kurien Institute of Dairy and Food Technology (VKIDFT), Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy between January 2020 and December 2020. Methodology: Milk samples were collected from an organized farm. The initial microbial quality of milk was determined and samples were carbonated to a pressure of 20 psi and stored for six hours 29°C, uncarbonated milk sample kept at 29°C acted as the control. The microbial quality of the carbonated milk and uncarbonated milk was determined after storage in terms of total viable count, coliform count and gram negative organism count. Results: Significant growth suppression (P=0.05) of bacteria was observed in the carbonated milk. Total Viable count showed a suppression of 1.05 log cfu/ml while coliforms showed a suppression of 1.3 log cfu/ml. The greatest log reduction was observed in gram negative organisms with a difference of 2.2 log cfu/ml and psychrotrophic organisms with 1.54 log cfu/ml. Conclusion: Carbon dioxide was found to be an effective bacteriostatic agent which could be used for extending the keeping quality of raw milk. The bacteriostatic action could be due to anaerobic conditions developed by carbon dioxide and also due to the increased acidity of the medium.
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Aim of the Study: The phytoconstituent 6-heptadecylcyclohex 3-ene-1 carboxylic acid isolated from the methanol extract of Dichrotachys cinerea Wight. stem bark was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced toxicity. Materials and Methods: The constituent 6-heptadecylcyclohex 3-ene-1 carboxylic acid isolated from the methanolic extract of D. cinerea and the structure was confirmed by spectroscopic studies. Hepatoprotective property was screened in male wistar strain rats. The parameters studied were estimation of liver function serum markers such as serum total bilirubin, total protein, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and histological profile of the liver tissue. Results: The LD50 of methanolic extract and constituent, 6-Heptadecylcyclohex -3-ene-1 carboxylic acid were evaluated and found to be 500 and 100 mg/kg body weight respectively. The hepatoprotective activity of constituent was more significant as similar to the standard hepatoprotective drug silymarin. The histological profile of the liver tissue showed the presence of normal hepatic cords, absence of necrosis and fatty infiltration as similar to the controls. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of D. cinerea stem bark and the phytoconstituent 6-heptadecylcyclohex-3-ene-1 carboxylic acid showed significant protection from CCl4 induced liver damage.
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To evaluate phytochemical, heavy metal, pesticide, microbial assay, and also FTIR studies of Angiatico-2 (A-2) an Electrohomeopathic remedy to evaluate safety and efficacy for its usage. Electrohomeopathy / Electropathy is one purely herbal medical system invented by Italian C. C. Mattie (1809-1896) has been practiced since the 1860s across the world. Electrohomeopathy has its own unique principles, plants selection, the process of remedies preparation, diagnosis, selection, and combination of drugs for different diseases, dosage, and treatment methods. In India, it is estimated that there are about 450-500 institutions imparting education and research, about 4.5 to 5 lacks practitioners are practicing and millions of population getting benefits currently. The government of India initiated steps to recognize Electrohomeopathy medical system under the constitution. Unfortunately, there is very limited scientific evidence to evaluate the safety, efficacy, phytochemical, and pharmacology studies in Electrohomeopathy. We prepared Angiatico-2 an Electrohomeopathic remedy as Mother Solution and D4 dilutions and evaluated it’s phytochemical screening, TLC, FTIR spectrum, Physical and Chemical nature, presence or absence of heavy metals, Pesticide, Food Additives and Microbial under NABL standards for its safety usage. Electrohomeopathic herbal remedy Angiatico-2 prepared by using 7 non poisonous plants by Krauss method under standard condition and not shown any heavy metals, pesticide presence and also no microbial presence above the limit level of FSSAI standard. Present studies of Electrohomeopathic herbal remedy Angiatico-2 preparation and its screening in standard scientific laboratory condition, TLC & FTIR studies may become reference standards for the manufacture of Angiatico-2 for bulk quantity at industrial level for. The present research investigations outcome with reproducibility may become standard markers or signatures to assess the quality and safe use of Angiatico-2.
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Background/Aims@#Recent studies have reported the favorable outcomes of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) for colorectal polyps. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety of UEMR for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm. @*Methods@#We performed a comprehensive search of multiple databases (through May 2020) to identify studies reporting the outcomes of UEMR for ≥10 mm nonpedunculated colorectal polyps. The assessed outcomes were recurrence rate on the first follow-up, en bloc resection, incomplete resection, and adverse events after UEMR. @*Results@#A total of 1276 polyps from 16 articles were included in our study. The recurrence rate was 7.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3–12) and 5.9% (95% CI, 3.6–9.4) for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 and ≥20 mm, respectively. For nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm, the en bloc resection, R0 resection, and incomplete resection rates were 57.7% (95% CI, 42.4–71.6), 58.9% (95% CI, 42.4–73.6), and 1.5% (95% CI, 0.8–2.6), respectively. The rates of pooled adverse events, intraprocedural bleeding, and delayed bleeding were 7.0%, 5.4%, and 2.9%, respectively. The rate of perforation and postpolypectomy syndrome was 0.8%. @*Conclusions@#Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that UEMR for nonpedunculated colorectal polyps ≥10 mm is safe and effective with a low rate of recurrence.
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Background/Aims@#Recent studies have reported the favorable outcomes of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) for colorectal polyps. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety of UEMR for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm. @*Methods@#We performed a comprehensive search of multiple databases (through May 2020) to identify studies reporting the outcomes of UEMR for ≥10 mm nonpedunculated colorectal polyps. The assessed outcomes were recurrence rate on the first follow-up, en bloc resection, incomplete resection, and adverse events after UEMR. @*Results@#A total of 1276 polyps from 16 articles were included in our study. The recurrence rate was 7.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3–12) and 5.9% (95% CI, 3.6–9.4) for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 and ≥20 mm, respectively. For nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm, the en bloc resection, R0 resection, and incomplete resection rates were 57.7% (95% CI, 42.4–71.6), 58.9% (95% CI, 42.4–73.6), and 1.5% (95% CI, 0.8–2.6), respectively. The rates of pooled adverse events, intraprocedural bleeding, and delayed bleeding were 7.0%, 5.4%, and 2.9%, respectively. The rate of perforation and postpolypectomy syndrome was 0.8%. @*Conclusions@#Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that UEMR for nonpedunculated colorectal polyps ≥10 mm is safe and effective with a low rate of recurrence.
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Background: Ending the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2030 is among the health targets of the sustainable development goals. Side effects to anti-TB drugs are common and may lead to reduced compliance to treatment. These adverse effects must be recognized early to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. Objective of this study was to determine the adverse drug reactions (ADR) to anti-tubercular therapy among patients visiting directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) centre MIMS, Mandya.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at DOTS Centre MIMS, Mandya. TB patients registered at DOTS Centre during the year 2018 were selected for the study. Verbal informed consent was taken from the TB patients and interviewed using pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and chi square test.Results: Among the study population (n=90), 67 (74.4%) experienced ADR among which 47.7% took treatment for ADR and the remaining 52.3% patients were given reassurance. In this study, gastrointestinal manifestations (42.3%) were the most common adverse drug reaction (ADR). Of the TB patients who experienced ADR, 9.0% of them had interrupted ATT, however they completed full course of ATT.Conclusions: A considerable number of TB patients taking ATT experience ADRs and some of them may have to interrupt treatment. However, they need to be counselled or supervised with caution to complete their course of treatment to reduce the chances of treatment default and also reduce the occurrence of drug resistance.
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Background/Aims@#Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage and necrosectomy employing lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) are used for treating pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) with excellent results from academic centers. Herein, we report the efficacy and safety of LAMS in the treatment of PFCs at a community hospital. @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the etiology of pancreatitis, type and size of PFCs, length of procedure, technical success, clinical success, adverse events, and stent removal. The primary outcome was the rate of clinical success, and secondary outcomes were technical success and adverse events. @*Results@#Twenty-seven patients with a mean age of 54.1±6.5 years were included, 44% of which were men. The mean size of the PFCs was 9.7±5.0 cm (range, 3–21). The most common etiology of pancreatitis was alcohol (44%) followed by idiopathic causes (30%) and presence of gallstones (22%). The diagnosis was pseudocyst in 44.4% (12/27) and walled off necrosis in 55.6% (15/27) of patients. There was 100% technical success without any complications. Clinical success was achieved in 22 of 27 patients (81.5%) who underwent stent removal. @*Conclusions@#Our study is the first to report that endoscopic therapy of PFCs using LAMS is safe and effective even in a community hospital setting with limited resources and support compared to large academic centers.
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Back ground: Devastating defects are those defects where the major structures like bones, joints, nerves, and blood vessels are exposed. These defects may be due to road traffic accidents, train traffic accidents, post burn scar contracture release raw area etc. Skin grafting or simple flaps may not help in these cases making reconstruction challenge. To study the various flap options for the coverage of the elbow defects and its outcomes. Materials and methods: From the period of 2016 to 2017, all patients with elbow defects that required local or locoregional flaps were chosen for the study. Investigations included plain X-ray of the elbow. Hand held Doppler was done for patients in whom the perforator based flaps were selected for reconstruction. Results: In our study (23 patients) were males and (4 patients) were females. The most common cause was the road traffic accident (18 patients). Two patients were due to a post burn contracture release raw area. One of the patients was due to a work place accidental injury. Six patients were due to train traffic accident and of which 5 patients presented with total amputation (stump raw area). The site of the wound played a major role in determining the flap selection. In our series, most of the patients presented with defects over lateral (6 patients) and posterior lateral (7patients) elbow region. Conclusion: Meticulous planning for their construction of devastating elbow defects is necessary to achieve satisfactory results. The choice between different flaps depends on the nature of the defect, availability of donor tissues and the patient’s needs.
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Introduction: Tracheo Oesophageal Fistula (TEF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality necessitating complex clinical evaluation and decision making for optimal management. It is best treated in a specialty tertiary care setting by a multidisciplinary team approach. In acquired nonmalignant causes of airway-oesophageal fistulas, the patients suffer from significant morbidity due to recurrent pulmonary sepsis. These diseases are complex and mandate critical preoperative evaluation for optimal management. Prolonged endotracheal intubation combined with a nasogastric tube may lead to a TEF. This results from pressure necrosis generated by a ventilating cuff in the trachea and a prolonged feeding tube in the esophagus. Aim of the study: To study the results of function preserving pedicled perforator based sternocleidomastoid muscle as an inter position flap after primary repair of cervical tracheaoesophageal fistula. Materials and methods: The study was conducted from the period of one year from 2015-2016 at IRRH and Plastic Surgery Department of Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai. Totally 15 patients were included in the study. Patients with clinical presentation were evaluated, a pre operative P.S. Ganesh Babu, T.M Balakirshnan, Ramadevi. Clinical study of pedicled sternocleidomastoid muscle flap interposition for cervical tracheo oesophageal fistula repair at a tertiary care hospital. IAIM, 2017; 4(9): 105-109. Page 106 investigation like Bronchoscopy, OGD MRI, CECT of the neck was taken. All patients with tracheal oesophageal fistula in the cervical region following corrosive poisoning (organophosphates) on prolonged intubation who under went closure with the pedicled sternocleidomastoid muscle as an interposition flap. Results: All patients diagnosed with Tracheo oesophageal fistula following corrosive poisoning on prolonged intubation were included. (N = 15). The study period was from 2015 to 2016. Patient’s demographic data and clinical course were closely monitored and recorded. All Patients recovered well. Oral feeding started (liquids) on 4th post-operative day after doing gastro Graffin study, and solids on the 10th day. No recurrence in 1 year follows up. Conclusion: In our technique, we maintained the intramuscular cock screw perforators from the transverse cervical artery. This constant anatomy favored us to use sternal head component separate from the clavicular head and interposed them between the repaired trachea and esophagus. Preserving the clavicular head of SCM maintains the form and function of the muscle. The vascularized muscle flap prevents both tracheal and oesophageal strictures and stenosis.
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The perforations of the tympanic membrane may be of traumatic origin or due to chronic suppurative otitis media. If the perforations fail to heal conservatively, they require surgical closure. Autologous graft materials have stood the test of time in repairing tympanic membrane perforations. In our tertiary care institution, we conducted a prospective randomised control trial on 20 subjects to evaluate the comparative efficacy of temporalis fascia and tragal perichondrium as grafting material in underlay tympanoplasty. In this study, surgical success was evaluated in terms of intact drum membrane and minimal complications during the follow-up period. Temporalis fascia achieved a graft uptake of 90% and a satisfactory hearing improvement in 76% of the patients with minimal postoperative complications. Tragal perichondrium achieved a success rate of 80% graft uptake and 75% hearing gain. The rates are comparable with no statistical significance of difference between them.
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Scimitar syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly presenting with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage from right lung to inferior vena cava. This is the rarest anomaly seen in 1 to 3 in 100000 births. Embryologically it is thought to be a primary developmental anomaly of lung with secondary anomalous venous drainage. This is seen commonly in right lung and is common in females. Most of the cases are asymptomatic or minimally symptomatised. If symptoms are present patient usually presents with pulmonary hypertension and symptoms of left to right shunt. Clinically this syndrome is diagnosed by chest x- ray by the presence of “Scimitar sign”. Surgical treatment effective in this syndrome.
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Intermuscular lipoma is an uncommon benign tumor. In this case report we described a case of a patient with intermuscular lipoma located between sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis and scalene muscles on left side. These typ es of tumors are exceedingly rare in head and neck regions. Intermuscular lipomas are thought to arise from the Intermuscular septa and enlarge between muscle bundles. Clinical data, investigations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan confirm the diagnosis. These tumours are more common in males than females. Complete surgical excision of tumor is the treatment of choice. It is crucial for the surgeon to consider deep lipomas when dealing with soft tissue tumors.
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Background: The diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are the most common and leading cause of morbidity and mortality than the disorders of any other systems of the body. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors are one of the most common cancers accounting for 11% of all cancers. Among these tumors, upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies are quite aggressive with a dismal prognosis. Malignant tumors are most common than benign. The most common carcinoma of the esophagus is Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Incidence of SCC is less than 5 per 100,000 populations in males and 1 per 100,000 populations in females. Gastric cancer was the second most common cancer in the World and 60% of them occurred in developing countries. The most common carcinoma of the Stomach is Adenocarcinoma. Aim & Objectives: To study the spectrum of neoplastic lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract by the examination of endoscopic biopsies and surgically resected specimens. To determine the degree of severity of the malignancies by assessing the depth of invasion, Lymph nodal & Omental spread. Methods: The present study is both retrospective & prospective study for a period of 5 years from January 2007 to December 2011. The sample size includes all the endoscopic biopsies & surgically resected specimens of gastrointestinal tract received at Department of Pathology, S.V. Medical College, Tirupati. The study also obtained clearance from the ethical committee of the institution. The biopsy specimens thus obtained were fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. The sections were stained routinely with H & E. Special stains and IHC done wherever necessary. Results: we have received 120 specimens regarding the upper gastrointestinal system. Among these 120 specimens, 71 specimens were endoscopic biopsies & 49 specimens were surgically resected specimens. Out of 71 Endoscopic biopsies 28 biopsies were malignant among which 2 was esophagus and 26 were stomach. Out of 49 surgically resected specimens 1 was benign and 32 were malignant tumors. Out of 59 neoplasms of stomach there were single cases each of Sub mucosal Lipoma, Malignant lymphoma, GIST & 56 cases of Adenocarcinoma & its variants were noted. Conclusion: Most of the neoplasms are of stomach (97%). All the neoplasms are malignant except one benign lesion sub mucous lipoma of stomach. Most of the neoplasms of stomach were Adenocarcinoma (96.5%). Both tumors of esophagus were squamous cell carcinoma occurred after 50 years of age.
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The decapod crustacean Penaeus monodon survives large fluctuations in salinity through osmoregulation in which Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in the gills plays a central role. Adult P. monodon specimens were gradually acclimatized to 5, 25 and 35‰ salinities and maintained for 20 days to observe long term alterations in NKA expression. Specific NKA activity assayed in gill tissues was found to be 3 folds higher at 5‰ compared to 25‰ (isosmotic salinity) and 0.48 folds lower at 35‰. The enzyme was immunolocalized in gills using mouse α-5 monoclonal antibody that cross reacts with P. monodon NKA α-subunit. At 5‰ the immunopositive cells were distributed on lamellar tips and basal lamellar epithelium of the secondary gill filaments and their number was visibly higher. At both 25‰ and 35‰ NKA positive cells were observed in the inter-lamellar region but the expression was more pronounced at 25‰. Gill architecture was normal at all salinities. However, the 1.5 fold increase in NKA α-subunit mRNA at 5‰ measured by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) using EF1α as reference gene was not statistically significant. The study confirms the osmoregulating ability of P. monodon like other crustaceans at lower salinities. It is likely that significant increase in NKA transcript level happens at an earlier time point. At higher salinities all three methods record only marginal or no change from isosmotic controls confirming the hypothesis that the animal largely osmoconforms in hyperosmotic environment.
Subject(s)
Acclimatization/physiology , Animals , Gills/physiology , Ion Transport/physiology , Osmoregulation/physiology , Penaeidae/chemistry , /physiology , Salinity , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/physiologyABSTRACT
Background: The study of dead is to save the livings. The growing awareness that still births and infant mortalities are unable to reduction has led to a wide spread desire for more information regarding the cause of these deaths. Congenital malformations have become important cause of fetal and neonatal (perinatal) mortality in developed countries and would very soon be increasingly important determinants of fetal and neonatal mortality in developing countries like India. In spite of antenatal diagnostic modality still the fetal autopsy plays the vital role in the conformation as well as identification of congenital anomalies and also for the counseling of the parents, to prevent the fetal congenital anomalies in further pregnancies. This study was undertaken with the purpose of finding out cause of death during the perinatal period at government maternity hospital and pediatric department S.V.R.R.G.G.H. & S.V. medical college Tirupati, and to study the clinical and pathological findings (Gross & microscopic) in fetal and neonatal death. Methods: The present study of congenital anomalies in fetal and neonatal deaths was done at S.V. medical college, Tirupati, over a time period of 2 years from September 2008 to 2010 August. Consent for autopsy in requested compassionately, respectfully and fully informed. The present study included dead fetus and neonates with gestational age above 20 weeks of intra uterine life and within 7 days of post natal life. All fetuses of gestational age <20 weeks and all neonates above 7 days of age were excluded from the study. The study also obtained clearance from the ethical committee of the institution. Autopsy was performed by standard technique adopted by Edith L. Potter. External and internal findings followed by histopathological examination, and autopsy findings were compared with available ultrasound findings. Results: A total of 46 Autopsies performed, 40 (87%) were fetal deaths, 6 (13%) were early neonatal deaths. In a total of 46 fetuses, there were 13 male and 33 female babies. On external examination of 46 fetal and Neonatal (perinatal) deaths, 8 (17.39%) babies showed congenital malformation. On internal examination of the 46 fetal and Neonatal (perinatal) deaths, 4 babies showed internal congenital anomalies. A total of 46 anatomical and histopathologic examinations were done among fetal and neonatal (perinatal) deaths. Out of 13 autopsies on male babies, 2 had congenital malformation and 33 autopsies on female babies, 7 had congenital malformations. Congenital anomalies were commonest in the birth weight group of 1000-1500 grams accounting for 9 cases. Malformations of central nervous system (33.33%) were most common followed by musculoskeletal system (16.66%), genitourinary and respiratory system (8.33%) respectively. Conclusion: Most number of perinatal deaths occurred in low birth weight and preterm babies. Study of malformations greatly helpful in genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in successive pregnancies.
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Background: The description of the human body has been a major concern since ancient times. The use of medical terminology enhances reliability of comparison made between studies from different areas thereby contributing higher level of scientific evidence. Cephalic index is an important parameter in forensic medicine, anthropology and genetics to know the sex and racial differences between individuals. Facial index is useful index for forensic scientists, plastic surgeons and anatomist. The parameters are useful for plastic surgeons during treatment of congenital and traumatic deformities, identification of individuals in medicolegal cases by forensic scientists and identifying craniofacial deformities of genetic syndromes by geneticist. Methods: 170 males and 110 female adults from Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India region are included in this study. Anthropometric points for cephalic index were measured by using spreading calipers. Facial index measurements were taken by measuring tape. All measurements were taken in subjects sitting in relaxed condition and subjects head is in anatomical position. Cranial index and facial index were calculated as per the formula. Results: Maximum number of males with mean cephalic index values of 80.21 were observed as mesocephalic and female with mean value of 79.25 observed as brachycephalic. Regarding facial index males were leptoprosopic and females were mesoprosopic. Conclusion: Cephalic index and facial index were terms used by anthropologists, anatomists, plastic surgeons and forensic scientists to identify individual’s race and sex for treatment of craniofacial deformities.
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Hypoglossal schwannomas usually develop in the intracranial portion of the brain. The incidence of hypoglossal schwannomas of the submandibular region is extremely rare. Here we report a case of schwannoma arising from the extracranial hypoglossal nerve in the left submandibular region.
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Aims: To estimate fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum ferritin, HbA1c and serum nitric oxide levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) subjects and compare the values with non diabetic individuals and also to assess the correlation analysis between the biochemical parameters in type 2 DM subjects. Study Design: A case control study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was carried out from June 2012 to June 2013 in Bapuji Hospital and Chigateri General Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India. Methodology: A total of 87 subjects were included in the present study of which 56 type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients and 31 control subjects. FPG, serum ferritin, HbA1c and serum nitric oxide were estimated in all subjects. Results: Intergroup comparison of biochemical parameters was done by unpaired “t” test and correlation between the parameters by Pearson’s coefficient analysis. The estimated mean levels (mean SEM) of FPG, serum ferritin, HbA1c and serum nitric oxide in control group were 98.06±1.30, 84.6±6.61, 5.46±0.15 and 39.0±0.84 respectively. Similarly, in type 2 diabetic patients mean levels of 179.5±7.11, 457.9±53.7, 9.49±0.25, and 100.9±3.5 were obtained for respective parameters. Mean values of all parameters were found to be significantly increased In DM subjects (P=.001) when compared to control group. Moreover, Serum ferritin has shown significant positive correlation with HbA1c and serum nitric oxide in type 2 DM patients with ‘P’ value of .05. Conclusion: The present study suggests that iron over load is one of the major factors in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM. Decreasing iron stores may reduce the oxidative stress, improve the vascular endothelial dysfunction and also improves insulin sensitivity in type 2 DM subjects.
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Gynaecomastia is a common pathological condition of breast seen in men. This is defined as benign enlargement of breast tissue in males. It was first described by Palus Aegineta (AD 635-690). Herewith we are presenting cases of 14 year old twins attending the surgical O.P.D with bilateral enlarged breasts and pain. A diagnosis of pubertal gynaecomastia was made with no evidence of malignancy by histopathological examinations and mammography. One boy with 5 x 6 cm of right breast and 2 x3 cm of left breast was treated by subcutaneous mastectomy. Other boy had only enlargement of nipple and areola. He was reassured and sent home without surgical intervention. A rare case of idiopathic gynaecomastia in pubertal twins is described here.
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Tolterodine is an antimuscarnic drug that is used for sympathetic treatment of urinary incontinence. Tolterodine modified release tablet, was investigated in rabbit for pharmacokinetic and in vitro–in vivo correlation studies. Tablets were prepared and in vitro release was studied in simulated gastric fluid at 150RPMs. New Zealand albino male rabbits have been used as animal model for in vivo study. A sensitive and simple HPLC method was developed for the determination of Tolterodine content in rabbit plasma. In vitro release studies showed that release patterns followed zero order for around 24h. The in vivo–in vitro correlation coefficients obtained from point-to-point analysis were greater than 99% between concentrations at certain time points obtained from release study in simulated gastric fluid and HPLC analysis of rabbit’s plasma. From the in vitro–in vivo correlation prediction it was evident that the Tolterodine matrix assisted tablet is a good for controlled delivery of Tolterodine.